Separation vs. Association

A key function of the brain is to first, process the fact that we are encountering different types of stimuli at every moment, and second, process the simultaneous fact that while there are these different types of stimuli, there are also many consistencies that reflect modifications of the same stimulus at a higher level of abstraction.

One way to evaluate what a cortical region may be doing with respect to this separation/association dichotomy may be to determine the number of neurons at the first level relative to the second level.

If the ratio of neurons at the first relative to second level is large, then the function of the second level is probably to associate. This is a many-to-few limitation. So various permutations and combinations at the first level are funneled into the reduced dimensionality of the second level. Therefore, some combinations are subsumed.

If the ratio of neurons from first to second levels is small, then there is the potential for expansion. The problem becomes a few-to-many scenario. The same combination at the first level may elicit several possible outcomes at the second level. There is information expansion.

...

Slicing up HM's brain

Watch HM's brain being documented, slice by slice.

Click here for live link. At the time of this posting, they are already at the occipital structures. So they may finish soon. Not sure what will happen to the link or the video once this entire process is done.

HM was a famous epileptic patient who had much of his medial temporal structures removed as a treatment for the epilepsy. The result of this operation rendered HM unable to form new long-term memories. This finding was instrumental in the notion that the medial temporal structures, such as the hippocampus, is important for memory. Since his operation, HM has been heavily studied. HM passed away on the 8 Dec 2008 due to respiratory failure. [More about HM]

PhD Degree

Got my degree today in the mail. This has got to be the hardest sheet of paper to obtain in your lifetime!

Boston 2009

This is my first time to Boston, the beginning of America. The brief history is that the revolution of early settlers began here against the British colonialist at the time. It was a bunch of people living in Boston Commons, who held radical views of freedom, that banded together and stood up to the military authorities at the time. Today, Boston is full of history...and oysters.

In fact, Charlene and I are here for the Psychophysiological Society annual meeting. This is the 50th anniversary of the conference and there was much to celebrate. This was my first time to attend this conference, and I was a little unsure of what to expect. Of course, this is not a neuroscience conference, so I did not expect to see the usual crowd. But to my surprise, I actually met a lot of old friends here. A bunch of people from the cognitive aging group, some people from Singapore, some friends from Japan, and a lot of people from Illinois! It felt good that this conference was, to me, more about meeting people than it was explicitly about the posters and talks, although some of those were interesting.

Back to the oysters. Have I ever told you that Boston oysters (which are actually mostly from Maine or at least, further out at sea and are so technically not from Boston), are awesome? You can taste the sea in them. Basically, you should eat these raw. Don't even bother with the lemon, and don't drown yourself in oysters. Have a few, like 3 or 4. And stop. And let the ocean water that was sucked up by the oysters cleanse your body as it permeates your mouth. Seriously, that's really what its like.

Fortuitously, we also met an old Singaporean friend who brought us to an awesome place farther out from Boston (Chung Shin Yuan) for the best bowl of 牛肉面, 豆漿 and 油條 that I have had in a long time.

And now...back home! Yay!

Berlin 2009

After participating for a week in a conference in Chicago (Society for Neuroscience, 2009), Charlene and I headed towards Europe. She was attending another conference (Society for Psychophysiological Research, 2009) and I was attending a vacation.

The origins of this trip to Europe for me, began with quite a lot of trouble. Namely because at the time of thinking about going for this trip, I was caught up in writing my dissertation, flying about between labs, worrying about data, and the future, and about spending money, and going home. But things happened, and I thought that this would be worth it, with the pleasant company (of course that alone is enough!), the seeing of new places, and the partaking of glorious beer and sausages. Besides, some people reflected to me that Berlin is a donut of a place.

This was my first time to Berlin, and my first time to Europe, actually. And I have to say, it was more than worth it. The culture alone is enough to leave a novel thought in my head. And that is saying something! One is reminded of reality, and its depth, which brings a sense of peace. But, enough of such philosophical nonsense. Here's a sample of the most impressionable experiences.

While Charlene was hard at work in the SPR conference meetings, I took a walk around Alexanderplatz and Museum Insel. For those of you who are well informed, Alexanderplatz is where Jason Bourne arranged to meet Nicki, "kidnapped" her in front of a bunch of snipers surrounding the area, brought her to one of the station underground service rooms, interrogated her and frightened the socks of of her to find out some secret info. This photo shows the world clock that is at Alexanderplatz.

We met Koki there and his friend, Goran, works at the Max Planck Institute (which I also visited). Goran mentioned this rather hole-in-the-wall place that sold the famous curry wurst. It is called Konnopke's Imbiss, and is at Eberswalderstrasse. The shop is basically a trailer underneath the train tracks. There is apparently always a long line of people waiting to buy the curry wurst, along with a large family of pigeons. Careful while standing there! The curry wurst is probably not anything special...but in the cold of the Berlin autumn weather, standing around with friends, and with a Berliner Pilsner, any sausage instantly transforms into a gourmet satisfaction.

On the last night of our time there, Charlene and I caught some Berlin Opera in authentic diaphragmatic German. Ich lieber du, Ich lieber du! The Rosenkavalier was the opera. Again, worth watching for its beauty. After that, we strolled down the famous Unter de Linden and saw the famous Brandenburger Tor (not the alcoholic burger, but the Brandenburg gate). Before seeing this, I thought, its just a gate. After seeing it, I thought, wow...a lot of things happened here. Incidentally, there is really a U2 train station here, in coincidence with the U2 band, which played here during the celebration of the fall of the wall.

We also managed to pass by the wall without taking a photo of it...so too bad. This is because the wall is really gone. Nuff said.

Finally, we ended our trip with a belly full of Eisbein (the famous Berlin pork knuckles) and the famous Berlin meat balls. In the famous Berlin restaurant called Standig Vertretung. Which is located at Friedrichstrasse. Incidentally, Friedrichstrasse is where Jason Bourne dashes out from the hotel (also in Berlin, Berliner Zeitung), runs to the train station to evade the cops, jumps onto a boat under the station (which is over the Spree river), climbs back up on the other side of the bridge, and gets into another train and escapes.

Berlin...Ich glauber sie haben mein beir, vergessen!

More photos [here]

Developments after...

This has got to be the wettest year ever. The rains got so bad this year that snow aphids snowed down on our small little town of Champaign. Winter rears its cold face around the corner now.

The reason why I am posting this now, is because I have just returned from a series of inspirational events. Traveling north and south between Champaign and Dallas takes its toll at times. You get up early at 6am, clean up, and get on the 7.30am flight (2 hrs). Reach DFW. Get onto the shuttle for the rental car mall of the airport (takes 15min). Get the car, drive to the Dallas lab (20min). Work. Check-in to Embassy Suites (which is an awesome hotel!). And on trips back, leave the lab by 4pm. Return the rental car, take the shuttle to terminal B of DFW. Pass security. Have a beer and a burger at TGIF in the airport before getting on the 6.50pm flight back to Champaign, and be picked up by a familiar face.

Do this 20 times.

Recently though, work has been progressing. Papers are being submitted. Finally. And hopefully accepted! But I think the most inspiring event happened yesterday. Instead of going south, I headed north and gave talks at Northwestern. The data seems well received and everyone seems so interested and in agreement. I felt glad. It was worthwhile to drive up 3hrs and back 3hrs for that one day of wonderful meetings and interactions.

Now, the main concern are next steps. Where to go after this one year of post-doctoral research? Another post-doctoral position? Faculty? Tough decisions with too many factors that plague my mind, that give no clear direction. No amount of grad school prepares you for this! For life!

One can only dive in.

PhD

Well, it is the start of the first weekend after defending. How was the defense? It was utterly fun. How often can you squash 5 brilliant minds in one room and have them talk about your work? How often can you debate with them and have them listen to your thoughts on things? How often can you hear them agree or even disagree with you in the most honest sense of it all? I would wish this on anybody who dares to try.

No one knows it all. But the defense is about stating what you know, and what you know you don't know. It is about being honest, and seeking truth. If what you find is real, it will bear itself. If what you think is true, you will find it. Sound familiar?

After the defense, we all went to Jim Gould's to have dinner. And it was, how shall I put it, fun! I think I felt it, that warmth of accomplishment. So that food tastes better. Sweetness has a fragrance, salt floods with depth, sour comes with juiciness, and bitter? There is no bitter.

Soon after, we watched an amazing movie - Inglorious Basterds! What a choice right? Brad Pitt was brilliant. Incidentally, Brangelina was in my defense.

The next day, I cleaned up the mess that was my apartment. It felt good to exert mindless sweat. The day after, we watched Mamma Mia. Tomorrow, BBQ!

That's what PhD is about, what happens before and after.

On the road to Permanent Head Damage

It is just one more week to the final defense. The big D day literally. I have submitted my dissertation draft, after reading it for the hundredth time, re-crunching the numbers for the thousandth, and clicked the save button on Word for the millionth time. After sending the document off, and the first thought that came to mind was how stupid I was. Really. After devoting a whole month of intense thought on the data, I realize that that's all I really knew. And the other things around me took on their own life, grew up, and now, I don't recognitize them. So its going to take a while to reintegrate back into reality.

Now, its just one more powerpoint to go, and then...the same-o same-o. I sure hope all this is worth it! So far, it seems to be. If not for anything then just because life becomes a little clearer as we find out a little more, each step.

I like Douglas Adam's thought: Someone somewhere theorized that the minute a human being sits down and figures out how the universe works, it would immediately be replaced by another more complex universe...some say that this has already happened. Really, what I think about all this is that everything is like a donut. Nuff said.

Agnostic Brain, Biased Mind - what does the FFA do?

Many neuroimaging studies have repeatedly found an area in the human brain that seems to be involved in processing visual faces. This area located in the fusiform gyri in humans, has been affectionately named the fusiform face area or FFA. The FFA is most active when we are looking at pictures of faces, and almost non-responsive to other types of visual items such as objects, houses, scenes, random textures, or a blank screen. Prosopagnosics, who are not able to recognize faces, but are still able to detect the presence of a face and also show no difficulty in processing other types of visual stimuli, have been shown to involve less FFA activity. Even more compelling, patients with lateral occipital lobes lesioned lose some form of object-processing, but show intact face processing. And yet other patients with lesions that have affected the FFA, have problems with face processing (acquired prosopagnosia) but intact processing for other stimuli. The evidence strongly suggests that there is something special about faces, and something about the FFA that deals with this specialization.

The debate regarding the FFA pertain to whether it is the only region or even a critical region that does face processing. Some labs have shown that face processing information can be found in other regions of the brain that are not the FFA. Yet some labs have shown that the FFA is recruited to process fine levels of category distinctions. For example, bird and car experts have been shown to engage some level of FFA activity when processing these stimuli compared to novices. These findings suggest that the FFA is not processing faces per se, but visual representations that have come to require high-levels of fine discrimination through experience, of which faces are the best example of this currently.

I suggest that a more flexible definition is called for when thinking about the FFA and its role in processing visual information. Certainly, it does seem that faces occupy a special place in human experiences. On the other hand, it is difficult to explain why there would be a brain region that codes for faces and faces along based simply based on genetic or biologically determined causes.

In terms of a neural network, if indeed the brain consists of many different sub-types of neural networks that conglomerate to form one large complex network, the FFA is a sub-network specialized to perform a specific operation that is maximized and specialized (trained) for a specific information domain - faces. This or these specific operation(s) could involve identification, discrimination, recognition, or all of these, or even a yet unknown operation. Certainly neural network non-linearities can surprise us! Moreover, these operations have been tuned for a specialized class of stimuli that consists of eyes, nose, mouths, and other visual characteristics of faces when occurring together as a whole (whether from external input, or through internal imagination or retrieval).

What this means is that if you were able to "remove" the FFA, and plug it into a computer so that you can feed this FFA network with inputs and measure its outputs, you could theoretically feed it anything, but the information would be most meaningful or organized when the inputs correspond to information about a face. Of course, this would require us to know what is the language of the input to perform such an experiment.

Other types of inputs may elicit some level of meaningful output of the FFA. Neural network do that. Yet other types may elicit nothing at all. This does not necessarily mean that the FFA outputs from such inputs is useless, nor does necessarily mean that it is used! It is just output. What higher-level brain mechanisms do with the output depends on the task, and how the brain is wired to treat outputs from its sub-networks. It may be ignored, or it may actually incorporate relevant information. That is, the FFA is agnostic to the incoming information. It does not care. It will process it anyway. But other regions decide whether what is it saying needs to be incorporated or not, or if it should be further modified even.

Such a view would reconcile why the FFA is special for faces, yet seems to be carrying some information about other stimuli. It would also be consistent with the idea that information about faces is certainly also available to a certain extent in non-FFA regions, the same principles being applied to these other sub-networks. It would also be consistent with how self-organizing behavior in neural network (see von der Malsburg article [link]) can lead to a consistent topology across every person that processes a particular stimulus in a particular way in a particular spatial location.

This is probably not a new idea, but needs to be clarified in the literature I think.

Wicked Witch of the West steps on Scarecrow Brains with Magic Red Shoes

Charlene and I made this for Qinwei's birthday. We spent a whole week modifying things and planning what we could do to fit the Wizard of Oz theme. This is the result.

Ingredients

Green peppers

Red peppers

Bean sprouts

Rice

Can of corn

Carrots

Squash

Method

Cook the rice. Set it aside when done. First dice up the carrots and squash into small cubes. Make sure the corn is drained and dry. Pre-heat over to 350F. Start frying the carrots and squash in some oil. When they are almost done, add the corn and fry the mix for a few more minutes. Add the rice and mix the ingredients well under high heat. Add salt and pepper to taste. When done, cut the top off the green peppers, remove the seeds, and scoop the fried rice into the green peppers, making sure that they are compact. Coat the peppers with a little oil. Place the stuff green peppers into the oven, you can also bake the red pepper as well, it should take around 15-20 min. While the peppers are baking, stir fry the bean sprouts adding salt and pepper to taste. When the bean sprouts are done, lay them on the plate. Take the peppers out of the oven when done. Cut the red peppers into strips so that you can form little "shoes". Arrange them on the plate of bean sprouts, and place the whole green peppers on top of the red pepper shoes. Done! Wicked Witch of the West steps on Scarecrow Brains with her Magic Red Shoes.

3T Trio finds a new home in Beckman Institute

The Siemens 3T Trio is a full body MRI scanner. The Beckman Institute just recently acquired it. Today, the machine was brought to the basement of the Beckman building and we were fortunate enough to have some free time to glimpsed part of the process.

The scanner was brought in through a hole they have in the back of the building. It had rained the night before, so the ground around the hole was a little soggy. More importantly, they had to move fast because more rain was coming. The movers had to remove the heavy covers on the hole, lift the magnet bore and lower it into the basement, where there is a trolley for them to push the magnet into its final place. The movers took a break halfway because the rain did come anyway, before they could finish, but they continued later. As far as I know, the scanner is in the basement now, just waiting to be tested and used!

This is a full-body scanner, compared to the head-only scanner 3T Allegra. It should provide more uniform signal, although the 3T Allegra is sometimes better for certain sequences, or so I hear. So we'll see which one shines. They will move the 3T Allegra, head-only scanner, which is right now at the BIC down south, up into the Beckman basement as well, once this Trio is fully functional. There will still be about a month or so of testing and installation before we can begin to use it.

If you are my Facebook friend, you can check out other photos I have of this there [Facebook photo link].

An evening at Harvest Moon Drive-In

We went again to Bayern Stube, the German restaurant at Gibson City, just 40 min away from Champaign by car. This was to celebrate Sylvia's completion of her defense and graduating! Bayern Stube sells great beer and sausages, not to mention awesome desserts. Creme brule there is a must.

After dinner, we watched Year One at the nearby Harvest Moon Drive-In theater. Back in the good old days in Singapore, we used to have one drive-in theater at Jurong. This was taken over my mediacorp and turned into some place for housing film sets.

Harvest Moon Drive-In as two screens, and the thrill is not so much the movie, as it is the feel of sitting out under the stars, watching a screen, straining your ears to hear the dialogue from other peoples' car radios (you don't turn on your own because you are afraid the car battery will die out). And have that venture thwarted because the local train rolls by, chugging along on the metal tracks just behind the screen. The mosquitoes make a full meal out of you. Some people bring their sofas out behind the back of their trucks, some people bring their bbq. As the sun sets, the sky is glorious. All these make the movie a wonderful experience, no matter what the movie is about!

Cognitive abilities in kindergartners and first graders: A comparison, evaluation, and extension of models using data from Robinson et al. (1996)

Paper submitted for final in structural equation modeling class, Spring 2009, UIUC Psychology. This paper is a critique of Robinson et al.'s (1996) paper on "The structure of abilities in math-precocious young children: Gender similarities and differences", published in the Journal of Educational Psychology (Vol. 88, Iss. 2, p341-352). This current paper, though, focuses on the age differences in abilities of kindergartners and first graders.

It is known that very young children show less differentiated cognitive abilities. Children who perform well in tests such as those involving math, tend to have correlated performance in other tests such as in verbal tests. As children age and progress towards adolescence, however, their cognitive abilities becomes differentiated so that abilities such as math and verbal abilities are not necessarily equally developed in the child.

Presumably, this occurs because when children are very young, they are untrained and unaffected by external factors such as education and related experiences (e.g. streaming into majors). Thus, the best predictor of the child's performance is the individual difference or a general factor. With age, the child undergoes specialization where children start to develop more specific knowledge in selective domains. Some children become more trained at math, while others at language. Importantly, these abilities aren't always equally developed. This may be the underlying reason for differentiated abilities in older children.

This current paper is a methodological exploration of the data in Robinson et al. (1996) using various modifications of the basic structural equation model. The main results are consistent with differentiated abilities in first graders relative to kindergartners. Some discrepancies in Robinson et al.'s (1996) paper are noted as well.

[Download pdf of paper]

VSS Conference Day 4: Demo Night Exhibit

VSS Conference Day 4: Demo Night Dinner

VSS Conference Day 4: Beach Day

VSS Conference Day 4: My Poster

This poster was presented at VSS Conference 2009 [link to VSS website], morning session [download poster pdf]. This study investigated the effect of task instructions on repetition suppression in the brain. Repetition suppression refers to the phenomenon that the brain response to repeated stimuli is usually reduced or attenuated. It is thought that such reduction in brain response reflects less neuronal recruitment, and hence, a more "efficient" way of processing the same information.
In this study, however, I postulated that under certain circumstances, the brain requires more neuronal recruitment in order to effectively process information for task demands. That is, repetition suppression becomes inefficient because it reduces the degrees of freedom that the brain can use to manipulate existing representations.

The study evaluated brain response in the fusiform region to face-pairs morphed at different levels of similarity. The idea is that the more similar face-pairs are, the more repetition suppression should be observed in the fusiform face area. Participants viewed the face-pairs under two different task instructions. The first task made face-pair similarity irrelevant. In this task, repetition suppression was observed to repeated faces. In the second task, face-pairs were made critical as participants had to make same-different judgments about the pairs. In this task, repetition suppression was eliminated.

The idea here is that in the same-different judgment task, the brain has to represent faces as distinctinctively as possible so that subtle morph differences can be detected. Thus, repetition suppression is prevented, possibly from executive function areas that process task instruction and exert a top-down modulatory control in the fusiform area.

The study also shows that there are individual differences in participants ability to exert this top-down modulation to regulate repetition suppression in the fusiform regions. This study was also performed in older adults, which will be reported in a subsequent research article. Briefly though, it is thought that older adults show declines in behavioral performance because of less distinctiveness in cognitive representations. This design is thus useful as a means to measure and related distinctinveness of representations in the brain and how that affects behavior.

VSS Conference Day 3: Illusion Night

Start of Illusion Night! This is an annual event where conference attendees submit their visual illusions for competition to see who's is the best. The top 10 are selected and show their exhibit here at Illusion Night. You can check out the illusions online [link]. The one that really wowed me was the curveball illusion, its the most dramatic one!

VSS Conference Day 3: Club car to beach

VSS Conference Day 3: Walking to the conference hotel

VSS Conference Day 2: Naples Grande

Touring the hotel lobby grounds.

VSS Conference Day 2: Poster session

Check out the poster session.

VSS Conference Day 1: Arriving at Fort Myers Airport

Just arrived at Fort Myer's airport, Florida. It is 80F and humid. Nice. The airport is about 30 min away from Naples. The shuttle will bring us there. More as we go along in the conference.

Default Network, Meditation, and Focus Training

A recent study found that teaching children to focus improves their health outcome [ScienceDaily report]. In relation to the default network in the brain, perhaps one of the things that such early training does is to improve the individual's ability to regulate default network activity. DN activity has been linked to self-reflection, self-monitoring, day-dreaming, task-unrelated thoughts etc., and has often been seen to be negatively correlated to one's ability to perform a task. That is, the more you are able to disengage your default network, the better you can perform the task. This is presumably because your attention is more focused and not distracted by task-unrelated thoughts.

It is then not hard to see the link between DN activity regulation and meditation. Meditation is an act of self-regulation of thoughts, and has been related to several positive outcomes, in terms of physical and mental health and ability. If we apply to adolescence and aging, perhaps one form of training that would be extremely deterministic of cognitive efficacy in older adults is the amount of focus training experienced.

Likewise, if we were to train indivduals on how to focus their mental thoughts, and improve them over time, might brain activity be modulated? And subsequently, might cognitive abilities be improved or preserved better with age?

A structural model of aging, brain and behavior

Possible working structural model that can be tested with measures of stimulus, behavior, neuro-functional, neuro-anatomical variables. The dynamic influences of age and "culture" can also be tested. Culture here refers to long-term experiences of any kind. More complex models can be postulated from this current framework by adding more factors, or measures, and by also constraining the specific weights and covariances. In the broadest sense, the weights and covariances are modeled linearly. However, certainly, non-linear functions can be imposed. The result of such impositions would be a neural network with non-linear activation functions.

Saltimbocca Chicken

Found this recipe while we were watching America's Test Kitchen. So you can look it up there also. I've modified it a little here. This is good. Saltimbocca means "jumps in your mouth" and this really does! Strictly speaking, the chicken is the saltimbocca, the pasta is from another recipe. I'll start with the pasta, because its relatively simpler.

Simple Creamy Pasta
Ingredients
Pasta (spaghetti, or any other type, string noodles are probably best)
Mascapone cheese
Two eggs
Salt & pepper
Any kind of suitable additional ingredients (we used mushrooms and asparagus here)

Instructions
Cook spaghetti in salted boiling water. Prepare sauce in the meantime. Use two egg yolks in a bowl, add two and half large "scoops" of mascapone cheese, stir until a smooth sauce, add salt and pepper to taste. Once spaghetti is done, mix into sauce, add chopped mushrooms and fresh asparagus, mix again, and done!

Saltimbocca Chicken
Ingredients
4 chicken breasts (thin fillet)
4 proscuitto (or ham) same size as chicken, or cut to same size
1 lemon
Parsley
Sage leaves
1/2 cup flour
Salt & pepper
1 1/2 cup white wine
4 table spoon butter.

Instructions
Preheat oven to 200F (this is for keeping the cooked chicken warm later when preparing the sauce). Make sure chicken and ham are dry. Add some pepper into flour. Coat the chicken with light layer of the flour. Sprinkle some chopped sage onto chicken. Place ham on chicken. Heat 2 tablespoon olive oil in pan. Fry some large sage leaves, few seconds each side, then set aside on oil draining paper for later garnishing. Place chicken in oil, ham side down. Leave for 4-5min. Turn chicken, cook for another 3-4min. Remove chicken and place in oven. Drain oil from pan, but leave the bits from cooking the chicken. Pour the white wine into hot pan and scrape the bits into the wine, let the wine reduce to 1/3 cup. Add half lemon juice, chopped parsley, and butter, stir mixture into a nice sauce. Take chicken out of oven, place on plate, put fried sage leaves on top, and pour sauce over and serve. Done!

Admiring a Predecessor's Work

In the course of writing my dissertation, I come across John Horn's work on Fluid & Crystallized Intelligence over the lifespan back in 1965. This is his thesis that he did while here at University of Illinois, and the copy is in our library. I borrowed it because in his work, he talks about how the factorial structure of psychometric intelligence changes with age.

The first thing I noticed about this work was that it was typewritten! Of course, it is not surprising, since back then, computers were not as available. Its not that. It was because I imagined the painstaking hours it took to generate this written document. What happens when you make a mistake on one single letter halfway? What happens if a fire burns the paper? Did someone digitize? I certainly hope so! How did he do all those calculations? It is extremely humbling to know that others have done this without the huge aid of modern technology and still produced such a marvelous product.

The next thing was that this thesis was signed by Cattell, well-known for formalizing this dual-factor theory of intelligence. Imagine, he touched this piece of paper. This is not sentimentality. This is reverence. I can only hope that my own work will one day be deemed useful to someone, even if only slightly. This is a perennial concern, beyond my control...but it is a strong hope. So much work has been done in the past, of which we mostly overlook or disrespect in our own ego to validate our own thoughts. We must recognize that "there is nothing new under the sun". But what has been given us is the joy of refreshing the old, and progressing into it in greater depths.

The final thing regards what Horn studied. Basically, he found that young adults perform better at tests of fluid intelligence than older adults, and older adults perform better than young adults on tests of crystallized intelligence. This is quite a well-known notion, of which I hear very little about these days. Perhaps it is my own ignorance? I am not sure, but reviewing this work sparks some need in me to investigate this further. Hence the impetus to pursue adolescent research to "fill" up the gap in lifespan studies in cognitive aging, which has focused on older adults. Perhaps much has already been done, I just haven't been in contact with this field or literature...time will tell. I will have to read up more. The graph in this photo is from his thesis. It is hand drawn, and it truly speaks a thousand words.

Studying Adolescents

The more I research into aging, the more I think that one important aspect of lifespan research is the adolescent period. This is an "impressionable" age, and there may be a good reason for that. Longitudinal neuroimaging data is needed to evaluate the impact of life experiences on determining subsequent aging outcome. Possible future pursuit?

My View on the Singapore River...Apparently!

Ha ha, forgot that I did this for Elaine long long time ago. Wow! Check out my interview.

http://www.fas.nus.edu.sg/geog/SingaporeRiver/vidz2.htm

15th July 2009
CURRICULUM VITAE
JOSHUA GOH OON SOO
Beckman Institute 405 N. Mathews Ave Urbana, IL 61801 USA	1 217 244 5579 (office) 1 217 778 9394 (mobile)
	jogoh2@illinois.edu
Lab Webpage: http://agingmind.utdallas.edu/
EDUCATION
National University of Singapore (1998-2001), majored in Psychology and English Language, minored in Philosophy, Bachelor of Social Sciences 2001. National University of Singapore (2002), Bachelor of Social Science with Honors (2nd Upper) in Psychology. University of Texas at Austin (Fall 1999), exchange program, majored in Psychology and Linguistics. Talent Development Program (1998-2002), National University of Singapore. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (Fall 2005-Summer 2009), Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology.
MILITARY SERVICE
National Service (1996 – 1998)
EMPLOYMENT
Part-time research assistant at NUS Department of Geography (2000) Part-time autistic therapy assistant at NUS Department of Psychology (1999) Part-time research coordinator at Singapore General Hospital, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (2001) Research coordinator at Singapore General Hospital, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (2001-2005)
APPOINTMENTS
Editor, Talent Development Program magazine (2000-2001) Contact Group Leader, Varsity Christian Fellowship (1999-2001)
HONORS AND AWARDS
Incomplete List of Teachers Listed as Excellent by their Students, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, Fall 2008. Department Travel Grant, Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, Fall 2008. Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience, Travel Award, Dartmouth (2005).
MEMBERSHIP IN SOCIETIES
Varsity Christian Fellowship (1998-2002), National University of Singapore Photographic Society (1998-2002), National University of Singapore Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth (2005) Singapore Psychological Society (2005-2008)
PUBLICATIONS
Jenkins, L. J., Yang, Y. J., Goh, J., Hong, Y. Y., Park, D. C. (2009). Cultural differences in the lateral occipital complex while viewing incongruent scenes. Social, Cognitive, Affective, Behavioral Neuroscience, in press. Goh, J. O., Park, D. C. (2009). Culture sculpts the perceptual brain. Progress in Brain Research, 178, 95-111. Goh, J., Park, D. C. (2009). Neuroplasticity and cognitive aging: The scaffolding theory of aging and cognition. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 27, 1-13. Park, D., Goh, J., (2009). Successful aging. In J. Cacioppo & G. Bernston (Eds.), Handbook of Cognitive Neuroscience for the Behavioral Sciences. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Sutton, B., Goh, J., Hebrank, A., Welsh, R. C., Chee, M. W. L., Park, D., (2008). Investigation and validation of intersite fMRI studies using the same imaging hardware. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 28(1), 21-28. Gutchess, A., Hebrank, A., Sutton, B., Leshikar, E., Chee, M. W. L., Tan, J. C., Goh, J., Park, D., (2007). Contextual Interference in Recognition Memory with Age. NeuroImage, 35(3), 1338-1347. Goh, J., Chee, M. W. L., Tan, J. C., Venkatraman, V., Hebrank, A., Leshikar, E., Jenkins, L., Sutton. B., Gutchess, A., Park, D., (2007). Age and Culture Modulate Object Processing and Object-Scene Binding in the Ventral Visual Area. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(1), 44-52. Chee, M. W. L., Goh, J., Venkatraman, V., Tan, J. C., Gutchess, A., Sutton, B., Hebrank, A., Leshikar, E., Park, D., (2006). Age-Related Changes in Object Processing and Contextual Binding Revealed using fMR Adaptation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(4), 495-507. Goh, J., Soon, C. S., Park, D., Gutchess, A., Hebrank, A., Chee, M. W. L., (2004). Cortical Areas Involved in Object, Background and Object-Background Processing Revealed with fMR-A. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(45), 10223-10228. Chee, M. W. L., Goh, J., Lim, Y., Graham, S., Lee, K., (2004). Recognition Memory For Studied Words Is Determined by Cortical Activation Differences at Encoding But Not During Retrieval. NeuroImage, 22, 1456-1465. Chee, M. W. L., Westphal, C., Goh, J., Graham, S., Song, A. W., (2003). Word frequency and subsequent memory effects studied using event-related fMRI. NeuroImage, 20(2), 1042-1051  Chee, M. W. L., Hon, N. H. H., Caplan, D., Lee, H. L.,Goh, J., (2002). Frequency of Concrete Words Modulates Prefrontal Activation during Semantic Judgments.  NeuroImage, 16(1), 259-268.
ABSTRACTS
Goh, J., Suzuki, A., Park, D. (2009). Attending to face-pair similarity decreases face adaptation in the fusiform area. [43.445]. Presented at the Vision Science Society Annual Meeting, Naples, FL, USA. Goh, J., Suzuki, A., Park, D., (2008). Aging reduces neural selectivity and increases face adaptation. [G94]. Presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA. Jenkins, L., Yang, Y.,  Goh, J., Hong, Y., Park, D., (2008). Cultural differences in the processing of incongruous scenes revealed using fMR adaptation. [B21]. Presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA. Suzuki, A., Goh, J., Sutton, B., Hebank, A., Jenkins, L., Flicker, B., Park, D., (2008). Emotional faces produced less repetition suppression than neutral faces. [E19]. Presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA. Goh. J., Leshikar, E., Hebrank, A., Flicker, B., Sutton, B., Wang, W., Jenkins, L., Tan, J., Chen, K., Chee, M., Park, D., (2008). Age and culture modulate neural selectivity in the ventral visual area during face and place viewing. [Slide 218]. Presented at the Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting, Washington, D. C., USA. Leshiker, E. D., Hebrank, A. C., Jenkins, L. J., Goh, J. O., Chee, M. W. L., Park, D., (2008). Episodic memory success is tied to parametric modulation of the default network in younger but not older adults. [Slide 815]. Presented at the Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting, Washington, D. C., USA. Goh, J., Chee, M. W. L., Tan, J. C., Park, D., (2007). Aging and cultural differences in eye-movements during complex picture viewing. [D7]. Presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, New York, NY, USA. Goh, J., Chee, M. W. L., Tan, J. C., Venkatraman, V., Leshikar, E., Hebrank, A., Jenkins, L., Sutton, B., Park, D., (2006). Aging and culture modulate fMR-Adaptation in the ventral visual area. Abstract No. 359. Presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA. Available online at http://www.cogneurosociety.org/content/CNS2006_Abstracts.xls Gutchess, A., Hebrank, A., Sutton, B., Leshikar, E., Chee, M. W. L., Tan, J. C., Goh, J.,  Park, D., (2005). Prefrontal compensation with age for contextual interference. Program No. 127.8. 2005 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience. Online. Chee, M. W. L, Goh, J., Tan, J. C., Gutchess, A., Sutton, B., Hebrank, A., Leshikar, E., Park, D., (2005). FMR adaptation shows that age and culture modulate visual processing of complex pictures. Program No. 127.4. 2005 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience. Online. Chee, M. W. L., Goh, J., Lim, Y., Graham, S., (2003). Event-related fMRI of incidental encoding of episodic retrieval of high and low frequency words. [17649]. Presented at the 9th International Conference on Functional Mapping of the Human Brain, June 18-22, New York, NY, USA. Available on CD-Rom in NeuroImage, Vol. 19, No. 2 Chee, M. W. L., Goh, J., Lim, Y., Graham, S., (2003). Neural correlates of the effect of word frequency at encoding and retrieval. Program No. 288.15. 2003 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience. Online. Chee, M. W. L., Soon, C. S., Westphal, C., Lee, H., Goh, J., (2002). Printed word frequency effects on semantic judgment: a comparison between event-related and block designs. [10110]. Presented at the 8th International Conference on Functional Mapping of the Human Brain, June 2-6, Sendai, Japan. Available on CD-Rom in NeuroImage, Vol. 16, No. 2
TALKS
Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Perception. Invited talk presented at the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute, Spring 2009 course on Cognition and Personality Across the Lifespan: Only as Old as You Think You Are, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL. Aging, Culture, and Ventral Visual Selectivity. Presented at the 2008 Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting, Washington, DC. Age and Culture Modulate the Ventral Visual Area. Presented at the Advanced Sensory Developmental Neuroscience Seminar, 2008, 17th March, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL. Aging in Different Cultural Environments: Visual Brain Activity and Eye-Movements. Presented at the Beckman Graduate Student Seminar 2008, March 26th, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL. Age Differences in Activations of a Frontal-Parietal Network Associated with Categorical and Coordinate Judgments. Presented at the 2007 Regional Symposium on MRI, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Word Frequency and Subsequent memory Studied Using Event-Related fMRI. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting, 2003, Singapore General Hospital.
TEACHING EXPERIENCE
Psychological and Educational Statistics, Teaching Assistant, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, Fall 2008. Lab training on functional brain imaging analysis, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 2007. Lab training on functional brain imaging analysis, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Singapore, 2005.
UNPUBLISHED WORK
Cognitive abilities in kindergartners and first graders: A comparison, evaluation, and extension of models using data from Robinson et al. (1996). Joshua Goh. Paper in fulfillment of class on Structural Equation Modelling at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009. Morphed Faces. Joshua Goh. Stimuli collection, PAL Face Database. Available at https://pal.utdallas.edu/facedb/request/index/Morph, sourced 4th April 2009. Extension of the Von Der Malsburg Self-Organized Visual Cortex Model. Joshua Goh. Project in fulfillment of class on Neural Network at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007. Backpropagation in a non-linear layered network: learning from past mistakes. Joshua Goh. Project in fulfillment of class on Neural Network at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007. Hopfield Network. Joshua Goh. Project in fulfillment of class on Neural Network at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007. Individual differences in interrogative suggestibility: finding an ERP correlate of recognition memory. Joshua Goh. Thesis in fulfillment of Honour’s degree at the National University of Singapore, Singapore, 2002.
ART WORK
Cover art, “Birthday Girl”, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(4), 2006. Cover art, “Sam’s Brain”, Mind and Brain. Innovation: The Magazine of Research and Technology, 5(3), 2005.
PRESS COVERAGE
Pickens Gift Propels Brain Health Research. Dallas Business Business Journal, Dave Moore, 15th to 21st February 2008. Culture May Make and Impression. The DANA Foundation, Nicky Penttila, Released 4th June 2007. Available at http://www.dana.org/news/features/detail.aspx?id=8008, sourced on 4th April 2009. Culture Sculpts Neural Responses to Visual Stimuli, New Research Indicates. News Bureau, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Released 1st May 2007. Available at http://news.illinois.edu/news/07/0501culture.html, sourced on 4th April 2009.
COMPUTER SOFTWARE SKILLS
Fluent in Windows, Mac, Linux operating systems. Brain imaging analysis: BrainVoyager, SPM Other analysis software: Matlab, SPSS & AMOS, R

Tax Form 2009

I have submitted my tax form again this year. For the record, every year they ask me the same thing about how many times I've traveled in and out of the States in previous years, and I think...does that change every year? So this year I said I was in the States in 2004 from date A to date B, then in 2005 from date C to date D...etc. But next year should I say that in 2004 I was in the States from date E to date F? Basically, are they dumb?

Photos from winter trip 2008 - 2009

Finally manage to upload all the photos. This was the most awesome trip in the universe!

Tokyo, Kyoto, Osaka, Hakone, back to Tokyo again with Charlene and family. [other photos]

Taipei, and Changhua with Charlene and family. [other photos]

Staying with Atsunobu and his mum, then Yokohama. [other photos]

Visiting Sam in New York. [other photos]

Some people know what I really really want

I've been wanting one for ages...

Age and Culture Modulate Face, House Processing in Ventral Visual Areas

This is the powerpoint (hosted on Google Docs; leave comment if buggy) for the presentation of this research work given at a talk during the Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting, Washington DC, 2009.

Aging increases fMR-Adaptation to repeated faces and limits discrimination ability

Age-related ventral-visual activity is characterized by reduced selectivity between categories of visual stimuli such as faces and houses that typically elicit highly specialized responses in the fusiform and parahippocampal brain regions respectively of young adults (Park et al., 2004). This study demonstrates that older adults’ less selective neural response (dedifferentiation) to faces is due to a coarser neural representation than that of young adults for individual faces. In this event-related fMRI adaptation study, 20 young and 20 older participants made same-different judgments to serially presented face-pairs that were either identical (repetition of the same face), moderately different (second face was morphed with 40% of prior face), or completely different (faces from two individuals). In the fusiform regions, older adults showed greatest adaptation during the exact-repetition condition and intermediate adaptation during the moderately-different condition relative to the completely-different condition. Young adults showed a similar pattern of adaptation, but with reduced adaptation magnitudes. This suggests that older adults’ fusiform area was not able to represent facial differences at the same level of sensitivity as young adults. Individual subjects’ adaptation magnitudes positively correlated with behavioral face discrimination thresholds for morphed faces (r = .38). Greater age-related adaptation during the exact-repetition condition suggests older adults’ fusiform face region is particularly sensitive to similarity, whereas young adults have a neural response that is more sensitive to facial differences. The data provide strong evidence for an age-related decrease in representational contrast in the fusiform area that is linked to behavioral differences during perceptual discrimination. [pdf]

Laksa Craving

My current craving is for laksa. The Singapore kind, that has coconut in the soup and chu mi fen (white noodles), harm (cockles), tau pok, and hard boiled egg. The last laksa I had was with Sam in New York, somewhere in Queens! It was authentic...and brought back a sensation of comfort, nostalgia, heat, satisfaction, pleasure, contentment, happiness, joy, peace, and the sense that this is all I need. Really one.

The problem with laksa is that it is impossible to make here from scratch. No laksa leaf here. So have to rely on Prima, or go to New York, or heck, go home!

Publications

Articles, Chapters and Reviews

1. Goh, J. O. S. (2010). Functional dedifferentiation and altered connectivity in older adults: Neural accounts of cognitive aging. Aging and Disease, 1(2), [epub ahead of print] http://aginganddisease.org/A&D-Joshua%20Goh.pdf.
   
2. Goh, J. O. S, Leshikar, E., Sutton, B. P., Tan, J. C., Sam, S., Hebrank, A., & Park, D. (2010). Culture differences in neural processing of faces and houses in ventral visual cortex. Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 5(2-3), 227-235.
   
3. Suzuki, A., Goh, J. O. S., Hebrank, A., Sutton, B., Jenkins, L., Flicker, B., & Park, D. C. (in press). Sustained happiness? Lack of repetition suppression in right ventral visual cortex for happy faces. Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.
   
4. Chee, M., Zheng, H., Goh, J., & Park, D. (in press). Brain structure in
   young and old East Asians and Westerners: Comparisons of structural volume
   and cortical thickness. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.
   
5. Goh, J. O. S., Suzuki, A., & Park, D. C. (2010). Reduced neural selectivity increases fMRI adaptation with age during face discrimination. NeuroImage, 51(1), 336-344.
6. Jenkins, L. J., Yang, Y. J., Goh, J., Hong, Y. Y., Park, D. C. (2010). Cultural differences in the lateral occipital complex while viewing incongruent scenes. Social, Cognitive and Affective, Neuroscience, Advanced Access published online January 18, 2010, doi:10.1093/scan/nsp056.
7. Goh, J. O. S., Tan, J. C., Park, D. C. (2009). Culture modulates eye-movements to visual novelty. Public Library of Science ONE, 4(12), e8238.
8. Goh, J. O., Park, D. C. (2009). Culture sculpts the perceptual brain. Progress in Brain Research, 178, 95-111.
9. Goh, J., Park, D. C. (2009). Neuroplasticity and cognitive aging: The scaffolding theory of aging and cognition. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 27, 391-403.
10. Park, D. C., & Goh, J. O. S. (2009). Successful aging. In J. Cacioppo & G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of Neuroscience for the Behavioral Sciences (pp. 1203-1219). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
    
11. Sutton, B., Goh, J., Hebrank, A., Welsh, R. C., Chee, M. W. L., Park, D., (2008). Investigation and validation of intersite fMRI studies using the same imaging hardware. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 28(1), 21-28.
12. Gutchess, A., Hebrank, A., Sutton, B., Leshikar, E., Chee, M. W. L., Tan, J. C., Goh, J., Park, D., (2007). Contextual Interference in Recognition Memory with Age. NeuroImage, 35(3), 1338-1347.
13. Goh, J., Chee, M. W. L., Tan, J. C., Venkatraman, V., Hebrank, A., Leshikar, E., Jenkins, L., Sutton. B., Gutchess, A., Park, D., (2007). Age and Culture Modulate Object Processing and Object-Scene Binding in the Ventral Visual Area. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(1), 44-52.
14. Chee, M. W. L., Goh, J., Venkatraman, V., Tan, J. C., Gutchess, A., Sutton, B., Hebrank, A., Leshikar, E., Park, D., (2006). Age-Related Changes in Object Processing and Contextual Binding Revealed using fMR Adaptation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(4), 495-507.
15. Goh, J., Soon, C. S., Park, D., Gutchess, A., Hebrank, A., Chee, M. W. L., (2004). Cortical Areas Involved in Object, Background and Object-Background Processing Revealed with fMR-A. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(45), 10223-10228.
16. Chee, M. W. L., Goh, J., Lim, Y., Graham, S., Lee, K., (2004). Recognition Memory For Studied Words Is Determined by Cortical Activation Differences at Encoding But Not During Retrieval. NeuroImage, 22, 1456-1465.
17. Chee, M. W. L., Westphal, C., Goh, J., Graham, S., Song, A. W., (2003). Word frequency and subsequent memory effects studied using event-related fMRI. NeuroImage, 20(2), 1042-1051.
18. Chee, M. W. L., Hon, N. H. H., Caplan, D., Lee, H. L.,Goh, J., (2002). Frequency of Concrete Words Modulates Prefrontal Activation during Semantic Judgments. NeuroImage, 16(1), 259-268.

Abstracts

1. Goh, J. O., Yu, G., Sutton, B., Park, D. (2010). Aging reduces ventral visual diffusivity: Effects on face discrimination and fMRI adaptation. [291]. Presented at Human Brain Mapping Conferences, Barcelona, Spain. [pdf]
   
2. Goh, J. O., Suzuki, A., Park, D. (2010). Aging reduces attentional modulation on selectivity in fusiform face area. [Session 1, 11]. Presented at the Cognitive Aging Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA. [pdf]
   
3. Leshikar, E. D., Goh, J. O., Hebrank, A. C., Jenkins, L. J., Chee, M. W., Park, D. (2009). Frontal compensation for default network suppression deficits in older adults during scene encoding. [17.3]. Presented at the Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, USA.
4. Goh, J., Suzuki, A., Park, D. (2009). Attending to face-pair similarity decreases face adaptation in the fusiform area. [43.445]. Presented at the Vision Science Society Annual Meeting, Naples, FL, USA. [pdf]
   
5. Goh, J., Suzuki, A., Park, D. (2008). Aging reduces neural selectivity and increases face adaptation. [G94]. Presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA. [pdf]
6. Jenkins, L., Yang, Y., Goh, J., Hong, Y., Park, D. (2008). Cultural differences in the processing of incongruous scenes revealed using fMR adaptation. [B21]. Presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA.
7. Suzuki, A., Goh, J., Sutton, B., Hebrank, A., Jenkins, L., Flicker, B., Park, D. (2008). Emotional faces produced less repetition suppression than neutral faces. [E19]. Presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA.
8. Goh, J., Chee, M., Tan, J.C., Park, D. (2007). Aging and cultural differences in eye-movements during complex picture viewing. [D7]. Presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, New York, NY, USA.[blog entry][pdf]
9. Goh, J., Chee, M., Tan, J.C., Venkatraman, V., Leshikar, E., Hebrank, A., Jenkins, L., Sutton, B., Park, D. (2006). Aging and culture modulate fMR-Adaptation in the ventral visual area. Abstract No. 359. Presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA. Available online at http://www.cogneurosociety.org/content/CNS2006_Abstracts.xls. [blog entry][pdf]
10. Gutchess, A., Hebrank, A., Sutton, B., Leshikar, E., Chee, M., Tan, J.C., Goh, J., Park, D. (2005). Prefrontal compensation with age for contextual interference. Program No. 127.8. 2005 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience, 2005. Online.
11. Chee, M., Goh, J., Tan, J.C., Gutchess, A., Sutton, B., Hebrank, A., Leshikar, E., Park, D. (2005). FMR adaptation shows that age and culture modulate visual processing of complex pictures. Program No. 127.4. 2005 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience, 2005. Online.
12. Chee, M., Goh, J., Lim, Y., Graham, S. (2003). Event-related fMRI of incidental encoding of episodic retrieval of high and low frequency words. [17649]. Presented at the 9th International Conference on Functional Mapping of the Human Brain, June 18-22, 2003, New York, NY, USA. Available on CD-Rom in NeuroImage, Vol. 19, No. 2
13. Chee, M., Goh, J., Lim, Y., Graham, S. (2003). Neural correlates of the effect of word frequency at encoding and retrieval. Program No. 288.15. 2003 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience, 2003. Online.
14. Chee, M., Soon, C., Westphal, C., Lee, H., Goh, J. (2002). Printed word frequency effects on semantic judgment: a comparison between event-related and block designs. [10110]. Presented at the 8th International Conference on Functional Mapping of the Human Brain, June 2-6, 2002, Sendai, Japan. Available on CD-Rom in NeuroImage, Vol. 16, No. 2

Unpublished Work

1. Cognitive abilities in kindergartners and first graders: A comparison, evaluation, and extension of models using data from Robinson et al. (1996). Joshua Goh. Paper in fulfillment of class on Structural Equation Modelling at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009. [blog entry][pdf manuscript]
   
2. Morphed Faces. Joshua Goh. Stimuli collection, PAL Face Database. Available at https://pal.utdallas.edu/facedb/request/index/Morph, sourced 4th April 2009.
3. Extension of the Von Der Malsburg Self-Organized Visual Cortex Model. Joshua Goh. Project in fulfillment of class on Neural Network at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007. [blog entry][pdf manuscript][R code - network][R code - hexagonal plot]
4. Backpropagation in a non-linear layered network: learning from past mistakes. Joshua Goh. Project in fulfillment of class on Neural Network at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007. [blog entry][pdf manuscript][R code - train network][R code - test network]
5. Hopfield Network. Joshua Goh. Project in fulfillment of class on Neural Network at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007. [blog entry][pdf manuscript][R code - train network][R code - test network]
6. GLM for Dumbos, fMRI Training Course 2005, Presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Singapore. [pdf]
7. BrainVoyager for Dumbos, , fMRI Training Course 2005, Presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Singapore. [pdf]
8. 3T Allegra for Dumbos, fMRI Training Course 2005, Presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Singapore. [pdf]
9. Individual differences in interrogative suggestibility: finding an ERP correlate of recognition memory. Joshua Goh. Thesis in fulfillment of Honour’s degree at the National University of Singapore, Singapore, 2002

Curriculum Vitae

Full document available for [download], hosted on Google docs.

EDUCATION

1. National University of Singapore (1998-2001), majored in Psychology and English Language, minored in Philosophy, Bachelor of Social Sciences 2001.
2. National University of Singapore (2002), Bachelor of Social Science with Honors (2nd Upper) in Psychology.
3. University of Texas at Austin (Fall 1999), exchange program, majored in Psychology and Linguistics.
4. Talent Development Program (1998-2002), National University of Singapore.
5. Currently enrolled in University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (since Fall 2005), Psychology PhD program
6. Highest level attained: Masters in Psychology

MILITARY SERVICE

1. National Service (1996 – 1998)

EMPLOYMENT

1. Research coordinator at Singapore General Hospital, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (2001-2005)
2. Part-time research coordinator at Singapore General Hospital, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory (2001)
3. Part-time research assistant at NUS Department of Geography (2000)
4. Part-time autistic therapy assistant at NUS Department of Psychology (1999)

APPOINTMENTS

1. Editor, Talent Development Program magazine (2000-2001)
2. Contact Group Leader, Varsity Christian Fellowship (1999-2001)

HONORS AND AWARDS

1. Incomplete List of Teachers Listed as Excellent by their Students, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, Fall 2008.
2. Departmental Travel Award, Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, Fall 2008.

MEMBERSHIP IN SOCIETIES

1. Varsity Christian Fellowship (1998-2002), National University of Singapore
2. Photographic Society (1998-2002), National University of Singapore
3. Dartmouth Summer Institute in Cognitive Neuroscience (2005)

PUBLICATIONS

Articles, Chapters and Reviews

1. Goh, J., Suzuki, A., Park, D., (in preparation). Attending to face-pair similarity reduces fMR-Adaptation to repeated faces.
2. Goh, J., Chee, M. W. L., Hebrank, A., Sutton, B., Abdi, H., Dunlop, J., Krishnan, A., Park, D., (in preparation). Culture modulates age-related ventral-visual selectivity.
3. Goh, J., Suzuki, A., Park, D., (in preparation). Reduced neural selectivity increases face adaptation with age.
4. Goh, J., Chee, M. W. L., Hebrank, A., Sutton, B., Park, D., (in preparation). Culture modulates ventral-visual selectivity to faces and houses.
5. Goh, J., Tan, J. C., Park, D., (in preparation). Culture modulates eye-movements to visual novelty.
6. Leshikar, E. D., Goh, J., Hebrank, A., Jenkins, L., Chee, M., Park, D., (submitted). Frontal compensation for default network suppression deficits in older adults during scene encoding.
7. Jenkins, L. J., Yang, Y. J., Goh, J., Hong, Y. Y., Park, D. C. (in press). Cultural differences in the lateral occipital complex while viewing incongruent scenes. Social, Cognitive, Affective, Behavioral Neuroscience.
8. Goh, J., Park, D. (in press). Neuroplasticity and cognitive aging: The scaffolding theory of aging and cognition. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience.
9. Park, D., Goh, J., (in press). Healthy aging: a neurocognitive perspective. Eds. J. Cacioppo & G. Bernston, Handbook of Cognitive Neuroscience.
10. Sutton, B., Goh, J., Hebrank, A., Welsh, R. C., Chee, M. W. L., Park, D., (2008). Investigation and validation of intersite fMRI studies using the same imaging hardware. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 28(1), 21-28.
11. Gutchess, A., Hebrank, A., Sutton, B., Leshikar, E., Chee, M. W. L., Tan, J. C., Goh, J., Park, D., (2007). Contextual Interference in Recognition Memory with Age. NeuroImage, 35(3), 1338-1347.
12. Goh, J., Chee, M. W. L., Tan, J. C., Venkatraman, V., Hebrank, A., Leshikar, E., Jenkins, L., Sutton. B., Gutchess, A., Park, D., (2007). Age and Culture Modulate Object Processing and Object-Scene Binding in the Ventral Visual Area. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7(1), 44-52.
13. Chee, M. W. L., Goh, J., Venkatraman, V., Tan, J. C., Gutchess, A., Sutton, B., Hebrank, A., Leshikar, E., Park, D., (2006). Age-Related Changes in Object Processing and Contextual Binding Revealed using fMR Adaptation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(4), 495-507.
14. Goh, J., Soon, C. S., Park, D., Gutchess, A., Hebrank, A., Chee, M. W. L., (2004). Cortical Areas Involved in Object, Background and Object-Background Processing Revealed with fMR-A. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(45), 10223-10228.
15. Chee, M. W. L., Goh, J., Lim, Y., Graham, S., Lee, K., (2004). Recognition Memory For Studied Words Is Determined by Cortical Activation Differences at Encoding But Not During Retrieval. NeuroImage, 22, 1456-1465.
16. Chee, M. W. L., Westphal, C., Goh, J., Graham, S., Song, A. W., (2003). Word frequency and subsequent memory effects studied using event-related fMRI. NeuroImage, 20(2), 1042-1051
17. Chee, M. W. L., Hon, N. H. H., Caplan, D., Lee, H. L.,Goh, J., (2002). Frequency of Concrete Words Modulates Prefrontal Activation during Semantic Judgments. NeuroImage, 16(1), 259-268.

Abstracts

1. Goh, J., Suzuki, A., Park, D. (2009). Attending to face-pair similarity decreases face adaptation in the fusiform area. [43.445]. Presented at the Vision Science Society Annual Meeting, Naples, FL, USA.
2. Goh, J., Suzuki, A., Park, D. (2008). Aging reduces neural selectivity and increases face adaptation. [G94]. Presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA.
3. Jenkins, L., Yang, Y., Goh, J., Hong, Y., Park, D. (2008). Cultural differences in the processing of incongruous scenes revealed using fMR adaptation. [B21]. Presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA.
4. Suzuki, A., Goh, J., Sutton, B., Hebrank, A., Jenkins, L., Flicker, B., Park, D. (2008). Emotional faces produced less repetition suppression than neutral faces. [E19]. Presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA.
5. Goh, J., Chee, M., Tan, J.C., Park, D. (2007). Aging and cultural differences in eye-movements during complex picture viewing. [D7]. Presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, New York, NY, USA.
6. Goh, J., Chee, M., Tan, J.C., Venkatraman, V., Leshikar, E., Hebrank, A., Jenkins, L., Sutton, B., Park, D. (2006). Aging and culture modulate fMR-Adaptation in the ventral visual area. Abstract No. 359. Presented at the Cognitive Neuroscience Society Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, USA. Available online at http://www.cogneurosociety.org/content/CNS2006_Abstracts.xls
7. Gutchess, A., Hebrank, A., Sutton, B., Leshikar, E., Chee, M., Tan, J.C., Goh, J., Park, D. (2005). Prefrontal compensation with age for contextual interference. Program No. 127.8. 2005 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience, 2005. Online.
8. Chee, M., Goh, J., Tan, J.C., Gutchess, A., Sutton, B., Hebrank, A., Leshikar, E., Park, D. (2005). FMR adaptation shows that age and culture modulate visual processing of complex pictures. Program No. 127.4. 2005 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience, 2005. Online.
9. Chee, M., Goh, J., Lim, Y., Graham, S. (2003). Event-related fMRI of incidental encoding of episodic retrieval of high and low frequency words. [17649]. Presented at the 9th International Conference on Functional Mapping of the Human Brain, June 18-22, 2003, New York, NY, USA. Available on CD-Rom in NeuroImage, Vol. 19, No. 2
10. Chee, M., Goh, J., Lim, Y., Graham, S. (2003). Neural correlates of the effect of word frequency at encoding and retrieval. Program No. 288.15. 2003 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience, 2003. Online.
11. Chee, M., Soon, C., Westphal, C., Lee, H., Goh, J. (2002). Printed word frequency effects on semantic judgment: a comparison between event-related and block designs. [10110]. Presented at the 8th International Conference on Functional Mapping of the Human Brain, June 2-6, 2002, Sendai, Japan. Available on CD-Rom in NeuroImage, Vol. 16, No. 2

TALKS

1. Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Perception. Invited talk presented at the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute, Spring 2009 course on Cognition and Personality Across the Lifespan: Only as Old as You Think You Are, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL.
2. Aging, Culture, and Ventral Visual Selectivity. Presented at the 2008 Society for Neuroscience Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.
3. Age and Culture Modulate the Ventral Visual Area. Presented at the Advanced Sensory Developmental Neuroscience Seminar, 2008, 17th March, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL.
4. Aging in Different Cultural Environments: Visual Brain Activity and Eye-Movements. Presented at the Beckman Graduate Student Seminar 2008, March 26th, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL.
5. Age Differences in Activations of a Frontal-Parietal Network Associated with Categorical and Coordinate Judgments. Presented at the 2007 Regional Symposium on MRI, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
6. Word Frequency and Subsequent memory Studied Using Event-Related fMRI. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting, 2003, Singapore General Hospital.

TEACHING EXPERIENCE

1. Psychological and Educational Statistics, Teaching Assistant, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, Fall 2008.
2. Lab training on functional brain imaging analysis, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, 2007.
3. Lab training on functional brain imaging analysis, Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Singapore, 2005.

UNPUBLISHED WORK

1. Cognitive abilities in kindergartners and first graders: A comparison, evaluation, and extension of models using data from Robinson et al. (1996). Joshua Goh. Paper in fulfillment of class on Structural Equation Modelling at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009.
2. Morphed Faces. Joshua Goh. Stimuli collection, PAL Face Database. Available at https://pal.utdallas.edu/facedb/request/index/Morph, sourced 4th April 2009.
3. Extension of the Von Der Malsburg Self-Organized Visual Cortex Model. Joshua Goh. Project in fulfillment of class on Neural Network at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007.
4. Backpropagation in a non-linear layered network: learning from past mistakes. Joshua Goh. Project in fulfillment of class on Neural Network at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007.
5. Hopfield Network. Joshua Goh. Project in fulfillment of class on Neural Network at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2007.
6. Individual differences in interrogative suggestibility: finding an ERP correlate of recognition memory. Joshua Goh. Thesis in fulfillment of Honour’s degree at the National University of Singapore, Singapore, 2002.

ART WORK

1. Cover art, “Birthday Girl”, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 18(4), 2006.
2. Cover art, “Sam’s Brain”, Mind and Brain. Innovation: The Magazine of Research and Technology, 5(3), 2005.

PRESS COVERAGE

1. Pickens Gift Propels Brain Health Research. Dallas Business Business Journal, Dave Moore, 15th to 21st February 2008.
2. Culture May Make and Impression. The DANA Foundation, Nicky Penttila, Released 4th June 2007. Available at http://www.dana.org/news/features/detail.aspx?id=8008, sourced on 4th April 2009.
3. Culture Sculpts Neural Responses to Visual Stimuli, New Research Indicates. News Bureau, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Released 1st May 2007. Available at http://news.illinois.edu/news/07/0501culture.html, sourced on 4th April 2009.

COMPUTER SOFTWARE SKILLS

1. Fluent in Windows, Mac, Linux operating systems.
2. Brain imaging analysis: BrainVoyager, SPM
3. Other analysis software: Matlab, SPSS and AMOS, R